CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link) 'Carcinomatous meningitis: Leptomeningeal metastases in solid tumors'. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Le Rhun E, Taillibert S, Chamberlain MC (2013).Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Information for Healthcare Professionals about C.'Pulmonary manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS'. Ĭryptococcal meningitis may be differentiated from other causes of meningitis by cerebrospinal fluid examination as shown below: Cerebrospinal fluid levelĬSF gram stain, CSF culture, CSF bacterial antigenĬSF tumor markers such as alpha fetoproteins, CEA A positive serum CrAg should prompt a lumbar puncture to rule out meningeal disease.Serum CrAg is usually positive in both meningeal and non-meningeal infection and may be present weeks to months before symptom onset. CSF CrAg is usually positive in patients with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.It has a higher sensitivity than microscopy or culture.Antigen detection can be used on CSF or serum for detection of early, asymptomatic cryptococcal infection in HIV-infected patients.Histopathology for detection of narrow-based budding yeasts in tissue can also be used.Many laboratories in the United States no longer perform this test.India Ink can be used on CSF to quickly visualize Cryptococcus cells under a microscope however, it can have limited sensitivity.Blood cultures may be positive in severe infections.Culture is the gold standard for diagnosing cryptococcal infection.Cryptococcus neoformans can be cultured from sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial lung biopsy specimen, pleural fluid, or pleural biopsy specimen in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis.Antigen detection in CSF is useful for the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis.Mucicarmine stain provides specific staining of the polysaccharide cell wall.India ink or fungal wet mount of CSF will demonstrate a budding yeast.Other diagnostic studies helpful for diagnosis of cryptococcal infection include demonstration of the budding yeast on India ink stain, staining the polysaccharide cell wall using mucicarmine stain, detection of cryptococcal antigen in CSF, and a positive culture for Cryptococcus neoformans. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S Overview Risk calculators and risk factors for Cryptococcosis other diagnostic studiesĮditor-In-Chief: C. Natural History, Complications and PrognosisĬryptococcosis other diagnostic studies On the WebĪmerican Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cryptococcosis other diagnostic studiesĪll Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRIįDA on Cryptococcosis other diagnostic studiesĬDC on Cryptococcosis other diagnostic studiesĬryptococcosis other diagnostic studies in the newsīlogs on Cryptococcosis other diagnostic studiesĭirections to Hospitals Treating Cryptococcosis Differentiating Cryptococcosis from other Diseases

India ink stain cryptococcus